Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises - Lost Generation :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

THE SUN ALSO RISES - mazed Generation   Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises (1926) has been considered the essential prose of the Lost Generation. Its theme of alienation and detachment reflected the attitudes of its time.   In fact, the term Lost Generation was originally coined in a conversation by Gertrude Stein, a member of the expatriate circle in 1920s Paris. While spontaneous and meaningless when branch spoken, the expression would unwittingly go on to become the label for the expatriates from the United States and England who had rejected traditional American and British conventions for the more appealing lifestyle of unexpended Bank, Paris.   Congregating in caf&233s located along the Boulevard Montparnasse to drink, talk and watch the crowds pass by, the Lost Generation was comprised of exiles who had spurned the pre-war values of love, romanticism, optimism, prosperity and look forward to that they had grown up believing in, all shattered by the war. As well as the glitter and potential of the Great Boom of the 1920s, which they now aphorism as American and money-based, and therefore corrupt and insincere. Unable to reconcile themselves with their past beliefs, and unwilling to accept those of their present mainstream society, the Lost Generation was left morally sever and spiritually sterile, with only the fleeting pleasures of alcohol and sexual promiscuity as comfort.   Many Americans in Paris became bohemian writers and artists as a reactionary fend to the business- and consumer-based culture in the United States, their days spent lounging in caf&233s and their nights hopping from one meaningless relationship to the next. For the Lost Generation, love, hope and religion were foreign concepts later WWI, replaced by a world of sexual liberty and moral indifference. The lounging in the cafes and the promiscuity of the generation is very much connected with their traumas from the War. They are suffe ring from post-traumatic try out and are trying to deal with it.   In 1926, Ernest Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises, a semi-autobiography based on his adventures in France and Spain in 1924-25. Despite having already received subside critical acclaim for his prior works, it would be this novel that would gain him international success and make him the leader of the so-called Lost Generation.

Accuracy in Epic of Gilgamesh and The Hebrew Bible Essay -- Epic Gilga

There is much debate over the historical accuracy of the Hebrew Bible and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Some claim that to understand a counterfeit of literature requires extensive knowledge of the background of this engage. The contrary position is that a work of literature can be interpreted solely on its content. The meaning of the term classical literature is that it can be applied during any period of time, it is eternal. Yet the conditions surrounding the author might still be of interest to the reader, and of importance to the work. As with many cases, the truth is somewhere in between the two extremes. Both sides have valid arguments about the importance of historicity. To cite that historicity is of the utmost importance may seem extreme. Yet to understand a work, it is important to know if these were fantastic, yet true tales, or if they came from the mind of an author. Some may read a deeper significance into a fancied work. The fact that a bill was invented usually mean that it was created for a specific purpose. An author would be to a greater extent prone to using certain literary devices, even in the narrative line, then fate, or whatever one believes creates the true stories. A completely fictive story may have more use of symbolism, and to search for the meaning of this symbolism, it might be important to know the environment in which it was written. On the an otherwise(prenominal) hand, a reader may put greater emphasis on the meaning behind stories based on fact. This may be because of a religion in a higher power that controls the events in a story. If one believes in God, or in any higher power, the events of a particular story can take on meaning as an act of this power, or even as a symbolic work from god. Still others may be more inspired by the... ...f a leader. The fact that Gilgamesh is presented as divine in the book ends credence to the possibility that the actual King was believed to be godly. It is in this instance, and o thers like it that we see another example of the importance of historicity. By studying these works, we can gain insight into ancient cultures, and even hypothesize about the past. If a work is highly historically accurate in other respects, it might lead one to believe that the other accounts in the work are accurate. through with(predicate) this method, we may discover some of history through works of literature, history that records may not contain. Yet through this method we can only speculate, we cannot be certain of the accuracy of our results. Works CitedNorman K. Gottwald The Hebrew Bible . Fortress Press, 1985.Sandars, N. K., trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. London Penguin, 1972. Accuracy in Epic of Gilgamesh and The Hebrew Bible adjudicate -- Epic GilgaThere is much debate over the historical accuracy of the Hebrew Bible and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Some claim that to understand a work of literature requires extensive knowledge of the background of this work . The contrary position is that a work of literature can be interpreted solely on its content. The meaning of the term classical literature is that it can be applied during any period of time, it is eternal. Yet the conditions surrounding the author might still be of interest to the reader, and of importance to the work. As with many cases, the truth is somewhere in between the two extremes. Both sides have valid arguments about the importance of historicity. To study that historicity is of the utmost importance may seem extreme. Yet to understand a work, it is important to know if these were fantastic, yet true tales, or if they came from the mind of an author. Some may read a deeper significance into a fictional work. The fact that a story was invented usually mean that it was created for a specific purpose. An author would be more prone to using certain literary devices, even in the story line, then fate, or whatever one believes creates the true stories. A completely fictional story may have more use of symbolism, and to search for the meaning of this symbolism, it might be important to know the environment in which it was written. On the other hand, a reader may put greater emphasis on the meaning behind stories based on fact. This may be because of a trustingness in a higher power that controls the events in a story. If one believes in God, or in any higher power, the events of a particular story can take on meaning as an act of this power, or even as a symbolic work from god. Still others may be more inspired by the... ...f a leader. The fact that Gilgamesh is presented as divine in the book ends credence to the possibility that the actual King was believed to be godly. It is in this instance, and others like it that we see another example of the importance of historicity. By studying these works, we can gain insight into ancient cultures, and even hypothesize about the past. If a work is highly historically accurate in other respects, it might le ad one to believe that the other accounts in the work are accurate. through this method, we may discover some of history through works of literature, history that records may not contain. Yet through this method we can only speculate, we cannot be certain of the accuracy of our results. Works CitedNorman K. Gottwald The Hebrew Bible . Fortress Press, 1985.Sandars, N. K., trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. London Penguin, 1972.

Legal Provisions Concerned with Business Units :: Business Management Companies Essays

Legal Provisions Concerned with Business UnitsOur client is in the process of forming a company. She wishes to avoid personalized liability upon any contracts she mayenter into on behalf of the proposed company. Our job is to design a report to explain the legal provisionsconcerned with the formation, management and separation of concernunits. The report will identify the relevant legal principles, which caninfluence the choice of business unit. Explain the differences in theregulatory approach follow for partnerships and registered companiesand quarter the procedures for the dissolution of business units.At the end of the report we will advise our client what type ofcompany would be best suited to her needs. at that place will also be apresentation to go with the report highlighting the main points.2.TYPES OF COMPANYThere atomic number 18 many an(prenominal) different types of business unit. Each is formed by agroup of people with a common aim. Britain has what is known as a mixed economy where goods and services are supplied by both privateand public domain organisations, as shown in the following diagram clandestine EnterpriseSole Trader Partnerships Limited Companies Co-operativesPrivate Public Retail ProducerPublic EnterprisePublic corporations Government Departments Local government activityThe private sector/enterprise is the term used to describe allbusinesses which are owned by individuals or groups of individuals andrun essentially for profit. About half of all trading in Britain iscontrolled by private sector organisations. The other half known asthe public sector/enterprise are businesses which are owned andcontrolled by the government or Local Authorities and run for thebenefit of the country. The sector this report is concerned with isthe Private Sector.2.1 SOLE TRADERThis is the oldest, simplest and therefore most common form ofbusiness unit. A repair trader is one who conducts their business bythemselves either using their own name or a business name. This issomebody who is self-employed and who usually starts a business withcapital from their savings or by borrowing from friends or a bank. Capital is the money which every business needs to enable it to direct upand operate, for example to buy premises, equipment, stock and paywages. The main advantage is that you can be flexible. You dontneed to discuss with others (e.g. partners and directors) how you are handout to run the business. You also have less paperwork. A soletrader is not necessarily a one-person business and may have manyemployees or branches. However, the business is owned by one personand it is they who receive the profits.ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES- Business affairs can be kept private except for complementary tax

Nelson Mandela Essay -- essays research papers

There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere, and many of us go out have to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountain top of our desires. These are the words of a man, Nelson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy a commission from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the president of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa harming the Nobel ease Prize. 1942 started Nelson Mandelas participation in the racial oppression in South Africa. He joined the African National Congress (ANC), led by Anton Lembede. In 1944, Mandela joined up with Walter Sisulu, William Nkomo, Oliver R. Tambo, and Ashby P. Mda to form the African National Congress Youth League. Quickly, Mandela became the secretary of the ANCYL in 1947 because of his consistent effort and disciplined work. In 1949 the Programme of deed was accepted as authorized ANC policy. The Programme of Action supporte d boycott, strike, civil noncompliance, and non-co-operation. Nelson Mandela became the president of the ANCYL in 1952. Under his leadership the ANC began sponsoring nonviolent protests, strikes, boycotts, marches, and other acts of civil disobedience and in the process becoming a target to police harassment and arrest. This came to be known as the Defiance Campaign. This marked the beginning of mass safeguard to apartheid. In 1959 a small group of ANC members broke off and started their own group called the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). And on March 21, 1960, 20,000 PAC protesters left at that place homes without passes and joined together in Sharpeville. The police, thinking that the group would become unfriendly, opened fire on the protesters. Sixty-Nine Blacks were killed and another 186 were wounded. After this attack, the South African authorities outlawed the ANC and PAC organizations. But this would not stop Mandela and his companions from fighting the apartheid. In 196 1 Mandela helped establish the ANCs military wing, known as the Umkhonto we Sizwe -Spear of the Nation-, also known as the M-plan or MK plan named after Mandela himself. He was named its commander in chief and was sent to Algeria for military training. In that time 200 acts of sabotage took place. When he returned in 1962, he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for illegal ... ...ed on majority rule. Mandela would lead South Africa as its president until 1999 when he stepped down and Thabo Mbeki was selected president.Mandela worked his way up through the ranks of the ANC and ANCYL, leading the anti-apartheid movement. What he accomplished while in the ANCYL and in prison changed the way that South Africa is today. Without Mandela blacks would still only be capable to use certain bathrooms and would only be able to go in certain places designated for them. This 55-year journey from the African National Congress, to prison, and finally to becoming president and winnin g the Nobel Peace Prize has made Nelson Mandela a living legend. But in the words of Nelson Mandela himself, I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered that after climbing a great hill, cardinal only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the first-class vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended. (pg.625)

The pressures between youth and its sports programs Essay -- essays re

The Pressures Between Youth and Its Sports ProgramsOver the last two decades the growth of young person sports has reflected the popularity of professional sports in our society. Sporting events and news are obtainable to the public twenty-four hours a day on television and radio sports is an enormous industry. The outstanding popularity of the sports industry has greatly affected youth sports organizations. In rate to supervise, teach and manage these athletes it is estimated 2.5 million coaches spend an average of eighty hours a season with them. The majority of these coaches volunteer for programs organized by the community, religious organizations, and recreational facilities. Without a national agency to coordinate sports programs, there exists great variation in the manner in which sponsoring agencies organize their teams, thus leaving plenty of opportunity for as well much parental and coach control. Agencies have quickly moved American youth from unstructured play to high ly organized disceptation. The structure of organized youth sports is the backbone for criticism and praise by professional athletes, physicians, and psychologists. There are many that feel organized sports can be very beneficial and potently support organized sports for youth. Some claim that sports aid in the development of social and interpersonal skills, health fitness and psychological well-being. Many feel that self-pride and self-image can be greatly improved through sports. There are benefits that involve individual skill development, greater physical fitness, and higher self esteem. new(prenominal) benefits include development of group cooperation teamwork and friendship-making skills. Psychologists around the country stress a need for an active life style to develop rosy-cheeked self-images. Sports introduce children to healthy competition. A childs failure in competition helps them learn to deliver the goods gracefully and lose with honor. It teaches youngsters that through perseverance and determination they can win next time and more importantly at whatever they choose. These are lessons that children will keep with them for the rest of their lives. Some skeptics criticize the vital role of competition is hazardous to a childs psychological and emotional well-being. The critics of spo... ...me, and value rules. Rules introduce the idea of fairness and discipline to children. Within sports comes the self esteem and penury that children crave and need so much as the building block to a successful life. Organized sports ca be good or bad. Whether a youngster has a successful experience depends entirely on the quality of the program he is enrolled in. If the quality of adult supervision is high, our kids can achieve either the rewards that sports have to offer.Works Cited and Email Responses1.) Kohn, Alfie. No Contest-The issue against Competion. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 19922.) Wolff, Rick. Top 10 Issues in Coaching Kids Today. Interview. B y Mike FrancescaThe Sports Edge Sept. 30, 20013.) Catlin, George. No Contest-The Case Against Competition. www.shareintl.org/archives/cooperation/co_nocontest.htm (26 January 2004) n.page. Online. Internet. 26 January 2004

The pressures between youth and its sports programs Essay -- essays re

The Pressures Between Youth and Its Sports ProgramsOver the last two decades the growth of youth sports has reflected the popularity of professional sports in our society. sport events and news are available to the public twenty-four hours a day on television and radio sports is an enormous industry. The outstanding popularity of the sports industry has greatly abnormal youth sports organizations. In order to supervise, teach and manage these athletes it is estimated 2.5 million coaches spend an average of eighty hours a season with them. The majority of these coaches volunteer for programs organize by the community, religious organizations, and recreational facilities. Without a national agency to coordinate sports programs, there exists great variation in the manner in which sponsoring agencies organize their teams, thus leave plenty of opportunity for too much parental and coach control. Agencies have quickly moved American youth from unstructured play to highly organized com petition. The structure of organized youth sports is the backbone for criticism and praise by professional athletes, physicians, and psychologists. There are many that feel organized sports can be very beneficial and strongly support organized sports for youth. Some claim that sports aid in the originatement of social and interpersonal skills, health fitness and psychological well-being. Many feel that self-esteem and self-image can be greatly improved through sports. There are benefits that involve individual skill development, greater somatogenetic fitness, and higher self esteem. Other benefits include development of group cooperation teamwork and friendship-making skills. Psychologists around the country stress a need for an active life style to develop healthy self-images. Sports introduce children to healthy competition. A childs failure in competition helps them learn to win gracefully and lose with honor. It teaches youngsters that through continuity and determination the y can win next time and more importantly at whatever they choose. These are lessons that children will keep with them for the rest of their lives. Some skeptics bump the vital role of competition is hazardous to a childs psychological and emotional well-being. The critics of spo... ...me, and value rules. Rules introduce the idea of fairness and discipline to children. deep down sports comes the self esteem and motivation that children crave and need so much as the building block to a successful life. Organized sports ca be good or bad. Whether a youngster has a successful experience depends entirely on the quality of the program he is enrolled in. If the quality of adult inadvertence is high, our kids can achieve all the rewards that sports have to offer.Works Cited and Email Responses1.) Kohn, Alfie. No Contest-The Case against Competion. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 19922.) Wolff, Rick. Top 10 Issues in Coaching Kids Today. Interview. By mike FrancescaThe Sports Edge Sept. 30, 20 013.) Catlin, George. No Contest-The Case Against Competition. www.shareintl.org/archives/cooperation/co_nocontest.htm (26 January 2004) n.page. Online. Internet. 26 January 2004

Extending High School Essay

I dont think high tame should be all-encompassing to five years. Many students peck barely make it past the first couple years. If high school is extended, then there leave be an extend in the number of student dropouts. There get out be a decrease in the number of high school graduates.Many students dont like school, so an additional year may just be too much. Eventually, they will decide to drop out. More conflict will airlift for those students who do not get along well with others. Most students think of school as a chore and not a privilege. They are do-or-die(a) to get out of school. Adding another year will only discour age them in continuing their education. They will begin to feel like school will get them nowhere because they provoke been there for so long.Educationally speaking, there is little academic reason to extend high school. Increasing the time will only decrease the difficulty of the courses and not prepare students for college classes. Most middle school s do a great job in keeping students that want to transcend in their studies get a head start for high school. In most districts, students who excel academically, and need less time in high school, have opportunities to take college level classes before graduating.If a student did not do well in high school, and decides to go back and receive his/her diploma, he/she can take remedial classes at a community college. They can then get a better job or begin their college education.Socially speaking, the school would then be a mix of students between the ages of fourteen and nineteen years of age. Social issues will arise between the younger and the older students because of the age difference between the groups. High school performs an important social role in guiding students through their teenage years. At eighteen years of age, a person is already an adult and should be socialized with adults, such as other college students or fellow employees.In conclusion, high school should cont inue to be four years. This extension will only make high school dull and unbearable for many students. It doesnot matter how many years a student stays in high school. It is the quality of learning and the students own will to succeed.

Perkins Component Company

What type of power does Jerry Taylor have, if any, in this situation? What would you recomm terminus Jerry do at the end of this case, and why? First of all, it is really important to have a good understanding of the organizational realities and power dynamics in the Perkins Components organisation to be up to(p) to evaluate Jerry Taylors position in it. By identifying the different power sources avail fitting in the organization, we can obtain the following power mapAs we can see in the map above, Jerry Taylors formal power (through his status) in the organisation is not very important but his collaboration mesh within his department and outside with the engine room department puts him a particular position. He seems to be the only one with the necessary authority and connections to be able to make the collaboration between the two departments in the company happen. Thus, his network gives a certain power. At the end of the case, we can see that the situation as become very diffi cult to handle with Frank getting very upset, and for good reasonThe most important for Jerry Taylor is to maintain this situation under control. In order to do so, he cant let Frank leave his office like this. Since its the manufacturing department which Jerry Taylor belongs to that is in the wrong, it is Jerrys transaction to accept responsibility for tomcat Darrows decision not to get a TA from the engineering department and present the manufacturing department apologies (represented by him) to the engineering department (represented by Frank).If manufacturing does not accept and recognize that it was his fault, the two departments wont collaborate anymore in the future which would result in a disaster for the company Moreover, when making a change in the company organisation, it is very important to implement guidelines and rules and stick to them. In this case, it had been made clear that a TA should be asked from engineering when a change in plan wanted to be done, and Tom D arrow deliberately did not respect this rule.To make it up to engineering and show them that they can work together with the manufacturing people, Jerry Taylor needs to show them that manufacturing is respecting the rules. Thus, he needs to get someone from his department to ask for a TA, Tom Darrow would normally be the one in charge but he did not do it. Therefore, he should ask Ralph since as a machine reveal foreman, he is responsible for following the procedure as stated.

Inter-temporal Production Possibilities and Trade Essay

Instead of trading one good for an another(prenominal) at a point in time, we exchange goods today in return for some goods in the future. This kind of trade is known as inter-temporal trade. Even in the absence of international capital of the United States letter movements, any economy faces a trade-off between consumption now and consumption in the future.Economies usually do not consume all of their verit competent output some of their output takes the form of investment in machines, buildings, and other forms of deep capital. The more investment an economy undertakes now, the more it will be able to produce and consume in the future. To invest more, however, an economy must release resources by consuming less (unless there are unemployed resources, a initiative we temporarily disregard). Thus there is a trade-off between current and future consumption.The shape of the inter-temporal production possibility frontier will differ among countries. somewhat countries will have p roduction possibilities that are biased toward present output, while others are biased toward future output. We will ask in a consequence what legitimate differences these biases correspond to, but first lets simply suppose that there are two countries, theater and Foreign, with antithetical inter-temporal production possibilities. Homes possibilities are biased toward current consumption, while Foreigns are biased toward future consumption. The inter-temporal relative supply curves for Home and Foreign ricochet how Homes production possibilities are biased toward present consumption whereas Foreigns production possibilities are biased toward future consumption.In other words, Foreigns relative supply for future consumption is shifted out relative to Homes relative supply. At the equilibrium real gratify rate, Home will export present consumption in return for imports of future consumption. That is, Home will lend to Foreign in the present and come up repayment in the future. Homes inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward present production. But what does this mean? The sources of inter-temporal comparative advantage are somewhat different from those that give rise to ordinary trade. A country that has a comparative advantage in future production of consumption goods is one that in the absence of international borrowing and lending would have a low relative price of future consumption, that is, a high real interest rate. This high real interest rate corresponds to a high return on investment, that is, a high return to diverting resources from current production of consumption goods to production of capital goods, construction, and other activities that enhance the economys future ability to produce.So countries that borrow in the international market will be those where highly productive investment opportunities are available relative to current productive capacity, while countries that lend will be those where such opportunities are not available domestically. writehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/international-economics-homework-helpView as multi-pages

African American Dance Essay

After viewing the video Dance on the Wind Memoirs of a Mississippi Shaman what is your opinion of the society that Mr. upper-case letter makes between African dance and African American Dance? Do you agree or disagree? Please be specific as to why and use examples. If you agree give an example of a popular African American dance in which you see the connection with African Dance. Your assignment should be in essay format and a minimum of one page typed. My ResponseThe connection in my opinion is the Mr. Washington made a connection between African-American Dance from his child-hood memories because his parents had to complete personalities as for his mothers side of the family he took the memories of the leaping in church and being in the mottle of the Holy Spirit and brainstormed some stick figures and contemplated on how his body could smoothly get through each step flawlessly. As for his father side of the family enjoyed dancing every.Saturday and he realized the common factor was the rhythm and blues and that they each danced to feel freedom and immortality and to show enjoyment and fulfillment of hard work. As he grew older he gained more access to the world and traveling. So he went a paid his ancient ancestors, he was amazed at what he aphorism and immediately put himself in his ancestors shoes. Culturally he is an American but religiously, spiritually he is an African American. So the connection was the rhythm and blues and the ancestors root of music.

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 3

Chapter 3HOSED FOR THE HOLIDAYSTuesday night. Christmas was still four days away, and yet there was Santa Claus cruising right down the main driveway of town in his big red pickup truck waving to the kids, weaving in his lane, belching into his beard, more than a little drunk. Ho, ho, ho, state Dale Pearson, horror developer and Caribou Lodge Santa for the sixth consecutive year. Ho, ho, ho, he said, suppressing the urge to add and a bottle of rum, his demeanor more akin to that of Blackbeard than Saint Nicholas. Parents pointed, children waved and frisked.By now, entirely of suffer Cove was abuzz with expat Christmas cheer. Every hotel way was full, and there wasnt a parking space to be found down on Cypress S guidet, where shoppers pump their chestnuts into an open fire of credit-card s move through-and- pass denial. It smelled of cinnamon and pine, peppermint and joy. This was non the coarse commercialism of a Los Angeles or San Francisco Christmas. This was the refined, s incere commercialism of small-town New England, where a century ago no.man Rockwell had invented Christmas. This was real.But Dale didnt spend a penny it. Merry, happy oh, eat me, you little vermin, Dale grinched from privy his tinted windows.Actually, the whole Christmas appeal of their village was a bit of a mystery to the residents of Pine Cove. It wasnt exactly a winter wonderland the median temperature in the winter was sixty-five degrees Fahrenheit, and only a couple of really old guys could remember it ever having snowed. uncomplete was it a tropical-beach force backaway. The ocean there was bitterly cold, with an average visibility of eighteen inches, and a huge elephant seal rookery at the shore. Through the winter thousands of the rotund pinnipeds couch strewn across Pine Cove beaches standardized great barking turds, and although not dangerous in themselves, they were the dietary mainstay of the great white shark, which had evolved over 120 million historic p eriod into the perfect excuse for never entering water over 1s ankles. So if it wasnt the weather or the water, what in the hell was it? Perhaps it was the pine trees themselves. Christmas trees.My trees, goddammit, Dale grumbled to himself.Pine Cove pose in the last natural Monterey-pine forest in the world. Because they grow as much as twenty feet a year, Monterey pines are the very trees cultivated for Christmas trees. The just news was you could go to just about any undeveloped lot in town and cut yourself a very respectable Christmas tree. The bad news was that it was a crime to do so unless you obtained a permit and planted five trees to replace it. The Monterey pines were a protected species, as any local builder could verbalise you, because whenever they cut down a fewer trees to build a home, they had to plant a forest to replace them.A station wagon with a Christmas tree lashed to the roof backed out in front of Dales pickup. Get that piece of shit off my street, Dal e scrooged. And Merry Christmas to all you scumbags, he added, in keeping with the season.Dale Pearson, kinda unwillingly, had become the Johnny Appleseed of the Christmas tree, having planted tens of thousands of seedlings to replace the thousands that he had chain-sawed to build rows of tract mansions across Pine Coves hills. But while the law stated that the replacement trees had to be planted within the municipality of Pine Cove, it didnt say that they had to go in anywhere near where they had actually been cut down, so Dale planted all of his trees virtually the memorial park at the old Santa Rosa Chapel. Hed bought the land, ten acres, years ago, in hope of subdividing it and building luxury homes, but some hippie meddlers from the California Historical federation stepped in and had the old two-room chapel declared a historic landmark, thus making it impossible for him to develop his land. So in straight rows, with no purpose for the natural lay of a forest, his construct ion crews planted Monterey pines until the trees became as thick around the chapel as feathers on a birds back.For the last four years, during the week before Christmas, someone had gone onto Dales land and dug up truckloads of live pine trees. He was tired of answering to the county about having to replace them. He didnt ease off a damn about the trees, but hed be damned if hed put up with someone siccing the county watchdogs on him over and over. Hed fulfilled his duty to his Caribou buddies of highly out joke gifts to them and their wives, but now he was going to catch a thief. His Christmas present this year was going to be a little justice. Thats all he wanted, just a little justice.The jolly old elf turned off Cypress and headed up the hill toward the chapel, patting the thirty-eight snub-nose revolver hed stuffed into his colossal black belt.Lena hefted the second Christmas tree into the bed of her little Toyota pickup and snuggled it into one of the ten-gallon cedar boxe s that shed nailed together herself just for that purpose. The underprivileged were only getting four-footers this year, perhaps a foot or so taller once in the box. It had rained only once since October, so it had taken her n early(a) an hour and a half to circumnavigate the two saplings from the hard, dry ground. She wanted people to name live Christmas trees, but if she went for full seven-footers shed be out here all night and only get a couple. This is real work, Lena thought. By day she did property management for vacation rentals at a local realtor, sometimes putting in ten- or twelve-hour days during the peak seasons, but she realized that hours spent and actual work were two different things. She realized it every year when she came out here by herself and got behind her bright red shovel.Sweat was pouring down her locution. She wiped her hair out of her look with the back of a chamois work glove, leaving a streak of dirt on her forehead. She shrugged off the flannel shirt shed put on against the night chill and worked in a tight black tank crest and olive drab cargo pants. With her red shovel in hand, she looked like some kind of Christmas commando there at the edge of the forest.She sank the shovel into the pine straw about a foot from the trunk of the next tree shed targeted and jumped on the blade, pogoing up and down until the blade was buried to the hilt. She was swinging on the handle, severe to lever up the forest floor, when a bright set of headlights swept across the edge of the forest and stopped with a stereo spotlight on Lenas truck.Theres nothing to worry about, she thought. Im not going to hide, Im not going to duck. She wasnt doing anything wrong. Not really. Well, sure, technically, she was stealing, and breaking a couple of county ordinances about proceeds Monterey pines, but she wasnt really harvesting them, was she? She was just transplanting them. And and she was giving to the poor. She was like Robin Hood. No one was goi ng to mess with Robin Hood. Just the same she smiled at the headlamps and did a sort of oh well, I guess Im busted shrug that she hoped was cute. She shielded her eyes with her hand and tried to squint into the headlights to see who was driving the truck. Yes, she was sure it was a truck.The engine sputtered to a stop. A slight nausea rose in Lenas throat as she realized that it was a diesel truck. The trucks door opened, and when the light went on Lena caught a coup doeil of someone in a red-and-white hat behind the wheel.Huh?Santa was coming out of the blinding light toward her. Santa with a flashlight, and what was that in his belt? Santa had a gun.Dammit, Lena, I should learn known it was you, he said. tantalize Barker was in big trouble. Big trouble indeed. He was only seven, but he was pretty sure his vivification was ruined. He hurried along Church Street trying to figure out how he was going to explain to his mom. An hour and a half late. root word long after dark. And he hadnt called. And Christmas just a few days away. Forget explaining it to his mom, how was he going to explain it to Santa?Santa might understand, though, since he knew toys. But mommy would never buy it. Hed been playing Barbarian Georges Big Crusade on the PlayStation at his friend Sams house, and theyd gotten into the infidel territory and killed thousands of the Rackies, but the game just didnt have any way to exit. It wasnt designed so you could ever get out of it, and before he knew it, it was dark outside and hed forgotten, and Christmas was just going to be ruined. He wanted an Xbox 2, but there was no way Santa was going to bring it with a home long after dark AND a didnt even rally to call on his list.Sam had summarized Joshs situation as he led him out the door and looked at the night sky Dude, youre hosed.Im not hosed, youre hosed, said Josh.Im not hosed, Sam said. Im Jewish. No Santa. We dont have Christmas.Well, youre really hosed, then.Shut up, I am not hosed. Bu t as Sam said it he put his reach in his pockets and Josh could hear him clicking his dreidel against his asthma inhaler, and his friend did, indeed, appear to be hosed.Okay, youre not hosed, said Josh. Sorry. Id better go.Yeah, said Sam.Yeah, said Josh, realizing now how the longer it took him to get home the more hosed he was going to be. But as he hurried up Church Street toward home, he realized that perhaps he would receive an emergency reprieve on his hosing, for there, at the edge of the forest, was Santa himself. And although Santa did appear to be quite angry, his anger was directed at a cleaning woman who was rest knee-deep in a hole, holding a red shovel. Santa held one of those heavy black Maglite flashlights in one hand and was shining it in the womans eyes as he yelled at her.These are my trees. Mine, dammit, said Santa.Aha Josh thought. Dammit was not bad enough to get you on the naughty list, not if Santa himself said it. Hed told his mom that, but shed insisted t hat dammit was a list item.Im only taking a few, said the woman. For people who cant afford a Christmas tree. You cant begrudge something that simple to a few poor families.The fuck I cant.Well, Josh had been sure the F-word would get you on the list. He was shocked.Santa pushed the flashlight in the womans eyes. She brushed it aside.Look, she said, Ill just take this last one and go.You will not. Santa shoved the flashlight in the womans face again, but this time when she brushed it away, he flipped it around and bopped her on the head with it.OuchThat had to hurt. Josh could feel the blow sound the womans teeth all the way across the street. Santa certainly felt strongly about his Christmas trees.The woman used the shovel to brush the flashlight out of her face again. Santa bopped her again with the flashlight, harder this time, and the woman yowled and fell to her knees in the hole. Santa reached into his big black belt and pulled out a gun and pointed it at the woman. She came up swinging the shovel in a wide arc and the blade caught Santa hard in the side of the head with a dull metallic clank. Santa staggered and raised the pistol again. The woman crouched and cover her head, the shovel braced blade up under her subsection. But as he aimed, Santa lost his balance, and fell forward onto the upraised blade of the shovel. The blade went up under his beard and suddenly his beard was as bright red as his suit. He dropped the gun and the flashlight, made a gurgling noise, and fell down to where Josh could no longer see him.Josh could barely hear the woman crying as he ran home, the pulse in his ears ringing like maul bells. Santa was utterly. Christmas was ruined. Josh was hosed.Speaking of hosed three blocks away, accumulateer Case moped along Worchester Street, trying to exercise off his dinner of bad diner food with a brisk walk under the weight of a large measure of self-pity. He was pushing forty, trim, blond, and tan the look of an aging surfer o r a golf pro in his prime. Fifty feet above him, a giant fruit thresh swooped through the treetops, his leathery wings silent against the night. So he could sneak up on peaches and stuff without being detected. introduce thought.Roberto, do your business enterprise and lets get back to the hotel, accumulate called into the sky. The fruit slash barked and snagged an overhead outgrowth as he passed, his momentum nearly sending him in a loop around it before he pendulumed and settled in upside-down attitude. The bat barked again, licked his little doggy chops, and folded his great wings around himself to ward off the coastal cold.Fine, Tuck said, but youre not getting back into the room until you poop. Hed inherited the bat from a Filipino navigator hed met while flying a private jet for a doctor in terrestrial time a job hed only taken because his U.S. pilots license had been yanked for crashing the pink Mary Jean Cosmetic jet while initiating a young woman into the Mile-High C lub. Drunk. After Micronesia hed moved to the Caribbean with his fruit bat and his beautiful new island wife and started a charter business. Now, six years later, his beautiful island wife was running the charter business with a seven-foot Rastafarian and wipe out Case had nothing to his name but a fruit bat and temporary gig flying helicopters for the DEA, spotting marihuana patches in the Big Sur wilderness area. Which put him in Pine Cove, holed up in a cheap motel room, four days before Christmas, alone. Lonesome. Hosed.Tuck had once been a ladies man of the highest order a Don Juan, a Casanova, a Kennedy sans cash yet now he was in a town where he didnt know a soul and he hadnt even met a single woman to try to seduce. A few years of marriage had almost ruined him. Hed become accustomed to affectionate female company without a great deal of manipulation, subterfuge, and guile. He missed it. He didnt want to spend Christmas alone, dammit. unless here he was.And there she was. A damsel in distress. A woman, alone, out here in the night, crying and from what Tuck could tell by the headlights of a nearby pickup truck, she had a nice shape. Great hair. Beautiful high cheekbones, streaked with tears and mud, but you know, exotic-looking. Tuck checked to see that Roberto was still safely hanging above, then straightened his bomber jacket and made his way across the street.Hey there, are you okay?The woman jumped, screamed a bit, looked around frantically until she spotted him Oh my God, she said.Tuck had had worse responses. He pressed on Are you okay? he repeated. You looked like you were having some trouble.I think hes dead, the woman said. I think I think I killed himTuck looked at the red-and-white pile on the ground at his feet and realized for the first time what it really was a dead Santa. A normal person might have freaked out, backed away, tried to quickly extract himself from the situation, but Tucker Case was a pilot, trained to function in life-and-death emergencies, practiced at grace under pressure, and besides, he was lonely and this woman was really hot.So, a dead Santa, said Tuck. Do you live around here?I didnt mean to kill him. He was coming at me with a gun I just ducked, and when I looked up She waved toward the pile of dead Kringle. I guess the shovel caught him in the throat. She seemed to be calming down a bit.Tuck nodded thoughtfully So, Santa was coming at you with a gun?The woman pointed to the gun, lying in the dirt next to the Maglite I see, said Tuck. Did you know this Yes. His name is Dale Pearson. He drank.I dont. Stopped years ago, Tuck said. By the way, Im Tucker Case. Are you married? He extended his hand to her to shake. She seemed to see him for the first time.Lena Marquez. No, Im divorcedMe, too, said Tuck. Tough around the holidays, isnt it? Kids?No. Mr., uh, Case, this man is my ex-husband and hes dead.Yep. I just gave my ex the house and my business, but this does seems cheaper, Tuck said.We had a fight yesterday at the grocery store in front of a dozen people. I had the motive, the opportunity, and the means She pointed to the shovel. Everyone will think I killed him.Not to mention that you did kill him.And dont think the media wont latch onto that? Its my shovel sticking out of his neck.Maybe you should wipe off your prints and stuff. You didnt get any DNA on him, did you?She stretched the front of her shirt out and started dabbing at the shovels handle. DNA? Like what?You know, hair, blood, semen? Nothing like that?No. She was furiously buffing the handle of the shovel with the front of her tank top, being careful not to get too close to the end that was stuck in the dead guy. Strangely, Tuck found the process slightly erotic.I think you got the fingerprints, but Im a little concerned about there where your name is spelled out in dissembling Marker on the handle. That might give things away.People never return garden tools if you dont mark them, Le na said. Then she began to cry again. Oh my God, Ive killed him.Tuck went to her side and put his arm around her shoulders. Hey, hey, hey, its not so bad. At least you dont have kids you have to explain this to.What am I going to do? My life is over.Dont talk like that, Tuck said, trying to sound cheerful. Look, youve got a perfectly good shovel here, and this hole is nearly finished. What say we shove Santa in, clean up the area a little, and I take you to dinner. He grinned.She looked up at him.Who are you?Just a nice guy trying to help out a doll in distress.And you want to take me out to dinner? She seemed to be slipping into shock.Not this minute. Once we get this all under control.I just killed a man, she said.Yeah, but not on purpose, right?A man I used to love is dead.Damn shame, too, Tuck said. You like Italian?She stepped away from him and looked him up and down, paying special attention to the right shoulder of his bomber jacket, where the brown leather had been scraped so many times it looked like suede. What happened to your jacket?My fruit bat likes to climb on me.Your fruit bat?Look, you cant get through life without accumulating a little baggage, right? Tuck nodded toward the deceased to make his point. Ill explain over dinner.Lena nodded slowly. Well have to hide his truck.Of course.Okay, then, Lena said. Would you mind pulling the shovel uh, I cant believe this is happening.I got it, Tuck said, jumping into the hole and dislodging the spade from Saint Nicks neck. Call it an early Christmas present.Tuck took off his jacket and began digging in the hard ground. He felt light, a little giddy, thrilled that he wasnt going to have to spend Christmas alone with the bat again.

Notes on Cry Essay

The dances intent is to portray the struggle & strength of the African American women who were in the hard worker trade how women so enslaved & trapped can still manage to be so free. I heard about lynchings, Having that kind of experience as a child left a feeling of rage in me that I think pervades my work Alvin Ailey.She rises again to wear the cloth as a shawl, then steps on its ends as if bound by it to the groundThe final posture mirrors the opening posture of the dance, suggesting a cyclical inevitable emanation of frustration and despairAiley has abstracted this narrative to portray the womans despair. BEEN ON A TRAINThe use of the percussive piano accents in singing to movement. For example, the dynamic emphasis of the gestures Ailey uses.The power of Cry emanates from its defiantly shifting images of identity in its first partitioning, the bottomless abyss of sorrow approached in its second section and the transcendent quality of ecstatic faith engaged in the third sect ion. Cry became emblematic as an act of simultaneous defiance and release. As a depiction of contemporary African Americanidentity, the dance liberated audience and dancer in itsmodernistic layering of movement genres, especially itsconspicuous use of neoAfrican tree trunk part isolations.In this work there are three distinct sections and for each new section, there is a new song that is played. The songs used in this work are Something About John Coltrane by Alice Coltrane, Been On A Train by Laura Nyro and Right On. Be Free. by The Voices Of East Harlem. In a couple of these songs the word north is used quite a bit. My personalinterpretation is that these slaves perhaps saw freedom and/or refuge in northeastward America, wished to be there but something stopped them.She clearly demonstrated Aileys mothers struggles as well as any other African American womans struggles at the time as a slave to their fight for freedom.

False memories in bilinguals: The influence of different languages on veridical and false recalls.

IntroductionThe gesture of how two unlike rows do-nothing affect the stock of multilingual individuals has consistently been present byout the literature in psychology (Altarriba, 2003 Marmolejo, Dilberto-Macaluso and Altarriba, 2009 Schrauf, 2000). questioners present been curious to discover whether these verbiages atomic number 18 both stored in the same parts of the mind, how they affect the memories of multilingual individuals, what the advantages and disadvantages atomic number 18 of knowing two vocabularys, and whether being bilingual affects the individuals ability to recognise and anamnesis study. The inquisition of these issues has inspired the undertaking of the present search, which sought to ascertain how bilingualism affects infatuated anamnesis in the memories of the individuals associated with an taste towards using the Greek and English languages.A fictional retentiveness is a mental experience which is paradoxical as veridical representation of an takings from an individuals past (Johnson & Raye, 1998). sham memories hobo evidence in both minor and major forms, having signifi stoolt implications both for the individual and for others (Johnson & Raye, 1998).. For example, whiz whitethorn rich person a imitation memory as minor as believing that they saw their keys in the kitchen, when in actual situation they be in the living room or one whitethorn direct a faux memory as major as believing that they were the inventor of a storied idea, or that they were sexually ab pulmonary tuberculosisd as a child (Johnson & Raye, 1998). The nature of sullen memories is not particular to confusion amidst reality and imagination. Elements from various perceived events, such as television news and a fictional novel, whitethorn also be confuse. This is known by psychologists as source confusion or misattribution and can be described through the Source Monitoring Framework (SMF) (Johnson, Hashtroudi & Lindsay, 1993). The literature highlights the importance of discretion that although memories have been confabulated it does not mean that the maestro information was lost. Thus, representations of perception and those which have been constructed by the mind may both be stored in the memory and manifest under polar conditions (Johnson, 1981 Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). With regards to language orientation, the knowledge and use of more(prenominal) than one language has been found to be one of the conditions in which delusive memories ar manifested (Sahlin, Harding & Seamon, 2005). exploit has been made to elaborate on this condition throughout this introduction. Researchers have proposed that false memories can cross language boundaries through the findings that ideaual representations of countersignatures provide an appropriate climate for false memories to appear in as opposed to specific lexical representations, where errors in memory were found to be significantly decreased (Sahlin, Harding & Seamon, 2005). These findings were tested by the notion that bilingual witnesses are equally as tractable to post event misinformation, whether it was presented in the same language as the actual event, or in another language that they chatter (Shaw, Garcia & Robles, 1997). The fact that language context makes no difference to post event misinformation provides sufficient grounds to inquire whether at that place are any differences at all in false memory recant between monolinguals and bilinguals. supposition indicates that bilinguals process information in a different government agency to monolinguals (Bialystok, Craik & Luk, 2012 Martin et al., 2012 Wang et al., 2011). The reason for this has been suggested as the notion that bilinguals tip to encode experiences and information in two languages rather than one (Grosjean, 1989). Where monolinguals utilise only one language in their minds during the encoding process, bilinguals utilise two, which has been found to have a sig nificant effect on memory performance when comparing bilingual and monolingual individuals (Ardila, 2014 Paivio, 2014). For example, bilingual individuals have been found to combine languages, resulting in a more enhanced cognitive performance in designation and visit of information than monolinguals (Francis, 1999). These findings provide and grounds to investigate the extent to which cognitive processes are at an advantage through bilingualism, and whether bilingualism could result in more false memories than monoligualism. Thus, with reference to the difference that language context could make to ones memory performance, it has been suggested that language may be used as a retrieval cue when eliciting memories from past experiences (Altarriba, 2003), suggesting that the original language context plays a significant role in the quality and nature of the memories retrieved (Godden & Baddeley, 1975). Consequently, this provides implication for win research as it lays a foundatio n for the speculation that bilingual individuals may be more susceptible to false memory, signifying a disadvantage as opposed to the enhanced cognitive processing that was suggested by the findings of Francis (1999). It may be suggested that the reason for the differences between monolingual and bilingual recall is due to the functioning of the phonological loop, a short term memory system for auditory information acting as the minds voice when processing information (Lindberg, 2005). The phonological loop plays a crucial role in eruditeness new speech communication in native and foreign languages (Salame & Baddeley, 1986). Researchers propose that acquisition of a new language expands the phonological loop allowing the individual to access a larger store of sounds and words (Salame & Baddeley, 1986). However, the effects that the cognitive enhancement has on the Long Term holding and the overall functioning of the Working Memory has been suggested to issue bilinguals at a disa dvantage, as the literature also suggests that processing words in a abet language consumes additional works memory resources in bilinguals (Service et al, 2002). This suggests that overall memory performance in bilinguals is trim be driveway of increased concentration on the textual definition and similitudeship between words (Service et al, 2002). Therefore, it is appropriate to question if false memories could be a result of reduced working memory performance, or whether they are a result of enhanced cognitive processing in bilingual individuals. In line of battle to understand the concept of working memory of bilinguals better in its relation to false memory, it is relevant to consider how false memories are created. Memories can include errors at the time of encoding becoming distorted (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). agree to some, false memories may also be created by external implication (Loftus, 1997 Zhu et al, 2010), such as when someone suggests that an event had issu e forthred in early childhood, and this information is retained by the individual as a memory, thus forming the basis of a false memory. This is named the misinformation effect phenomenon, as the misleading information, which is given to the individual, causes them to create false recollections of an event (Loftus, 1979 Loftus, and Hoffman, 1989 Tousignant, Hall, & Loftus, 1986). This phenomenon has also been collectionn to excrete in a number of individuals from various backgrounds (Frenda, Nichols, and Loftus, 2012), including those who have been asked to recall events as eyewitnesses (Loftus, 2013 Patihis et al, 2013 Shaw, Garcia, & Robles, 1997). Consequently, the misinformation effect phenomenon may tornado one explanation for the creation of false memories in the working memory. With regards to language orientation, experiments provide evidence to show that false memories may also be created because of the events that bilingual individuals recall in association with the wor ds that they have been shown during experiments (Deese, 1959). This idea is pertinent to the creation of false memories in bilingual individuals, therefore, to further investigate this phenomenon, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was used as a methodology in which false memories were studied (Deese, 1959 Roediger, & McDermott, 1995). In a number of studies, participants were asked to recall a list of words, associated with one word in particular. For example, sadness may be associated with tears, chafe, grief, unhappiness, sorrow, gloom, despondency, desolation, or melancholy. The word sadness is not shown in any of the lists, but the associated words are. The participants are then asked to recall as many words as they can remember. Results of the studies show false memories to be evident in the participants (Cann, McRae & Katz, 2011 Gallo, 2010 Koriat, Pansky & Goldsmith, 2011). This suggests that words hold semantic power and have the ability to deflect memories by fi lling in any gaps, thus providing support for the notion that false memories are influenced by language. However, these studies may be criticised through the suggestion that individual differences plays a significant role in working memory, and therefore must be considered when examine working memory (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). For these language and memory studies in particular, it should be considered that individual differences may play a major role in the way that an individual interprets words such as tears, pain, grief sorrow and so on, as these words may hold different connotations for individuals from different heathenish backgrounds.With reference to false memory as a result of bilingualism, studies indicate that language was tested in separate DRM experiments but not manipulated as a factor. It was seen that each language had a different inflexible of lists in the experiments. As a consequence, the comparison of words across languages must be considered with the utmost caution, as lists presented in one language may trigger a higher proportion of false recall that those presented in another language (Marmolejo, 2009). This suggests that bilingual individuals are more tend to false memories that monolinguals. Therefore, it is essential that when DRM methods are used, these factors be considered as they may affect the results of the experiments. In conjunction, the findings from other studies have shown that where the second language progression of the bilingual participants is mixed, higher number of false recalls are evident (Anastasi et al., 2005 Holliday, Kang and Lee, 2003 Marmolejo et al., 2009 Miyaji-Kawasaki, Inoue, & Yama, 2003). Hence, these findings must also be taken into consideration, as they may affect the outcomes of experiments which seek to examine the language recall or recognition of bilingual individuals and the incidence of false memories. Other research shows that false memories in bilinguals may be created due to the sys tem Theory (Bartlett, 1932), whereby different schemas in the mind represent different languages. These schemas store the information necessary so that bilingual individuals are able to use various languages. When new information is attained, errors come out when the old information becomes mixed with this (Bransford and Franks, 1971). This process therefore leads to a distortion in the memory, which may be used to relieve wherefore false memory recalls are observed when bilinguals are tested using the DRM method. From this knowledge we can expect that the results of the present study will show that bilinguals have a higher tendency towards false memories. Comparatively, Craik and Lockhart (1972) stated that false memory recalls occur due to the trains at which language is processed by the mind. According to the Levels of Processing theory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972), when memories are processed, it is undertaken on different levels. If the levels of processing are shallow, the mem ories that are created are weaker than those which are formulated on a deeper level (Gallo, 2013). Therefore, if language memories are formulated on a deeper level than new memories, they will be stronger than new ones. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that this is not discriminatory as this leads to higher levels of false memory recall (Anderson, 2013 Hunt, Smith & Dunlap, 2011 Thapar & Mcdermott, 2001 Toglia, Neuschatz & Goodwin, 1999). This may be another way through which false memories may be created in the working memory of bilinguals. Yet, in opposition, it may be suggested that this is not only trammel to bilinguals, and may also occur in monolinguals. However, the speculations for the present study do suggest that false memory will be an occurrence that is more prevalent among bilinguals, not limited to bilinguals.. Others have stated that the reasons for false recall may be found in the way in which sematic representations are strongly linked to language (C ann, McRae & Katz, 2011 Wakeford et al., 2009). Each language has a direct link to representations, thus, when these are presented under experimental conditions, errors are found. When both language memories are being accessed by the participants in DRM experiments (Gallo, 2010), this may cause confusion in their memory. As a result, this could lead to some memories being triggered at the same time, which in make causes false recalls or the creation of false memories. This explanation of why false memory recalls may occur in bilingual individuals is often referred to as the spreading activation theory (Gallo, 2013) and is with reference to the activation of different semantic networks, which are used to access language memories of bilingual individuals. As the semantic network is activated, its bodily function spreads out across the brain so that the language related memories might be accessed and recalled. In relation to this, another notion named fuzzy trace theory has also bee n proposed to explain false memory recalls (Toglia et al. 1999).According to LaTour, LaTour, and Brainerd, (2014), false memories are seen as a result of deficient processing. However, recent psychological research has shown that elaboration and inferences can result in smart false memories. These smart false memories are explained by fuzzy-trace theory (FTT), which assumes that they understand from comprehension of the meaning of experience. FTT predicts that smart false memories should be positively correlated with measured levels of Need for Cognition. (LaTour, LaTour & Brainerd, 2014) Thus, as information is processed and encoded in two different languages the representations, speech and main points of these memories are formed simultaneously in conjunction with each other (Graves & Altarriba, 2014 Reyna & Brainerd, 1995 Reyna & Kiernan, 1994). In accord, the main points of these memories may become related to other familiar representations (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002) so false mem ories are created as these memories are recalled because they were never actually created in the inaugural instance. For this reason, false memory recall is higher when second languages are learnt as they are often learnt through accessing memories associated with native languages, which have their own schematic representations in the bilingual individuals memory (Toglia et al., 1999). From this knowledge, it can be expected that the results of the present study will show that bilingual individuals are more inclined to accumulate false memories. On reflection of the evidence at hand, it the several ways in which false memory recalls are created may begin to be ascertained. Errors in processing may be the cause (Anderson, 2013 Hunt, Smith & Dunlap, 2011 Thapar & Mcdermott, 2001 Toglia, Neuschatz & Goodwin, 1999), receiving inaccurate or false information (Loftus, 1979 Loftus & Hoffman, 1989 Tousignant, Hall & Loftus, 1986) or differing levels of language proficiency (Anastasi et al. , 2005 Holliday, Kang & Lee, 2003 Marmolejo et al., 2009 Miyaji-Kawasaki, Inoue & Yama, 2003) may be held accountable. A single explanation which determines how or why false memory phenomena may occur more in bilinguals than in monolinguals does not exist. Therefore, it is important that a number of theories are considered when investigating why false memory recall occurs in bilingual individuals. It is also essential that these notions be examined further, in order for a deeper insight into why false recalls are more prevalent in some situations than in others. This could help to establish which of the notions that have been discussed are more accurate. In turn, this would enable a deeper understanding of how individuals that speak two languages utilise their memories. The present study sought to examine and ascertain how bilingualism influences false memory recall in individuals using the Greek and English languages. The research question at hand asked To what extent does bilingua lism influence the veridical and false memory recalls of individuals when they are asked to remember conglomerate alphabetic scriptsTherefore, the aim of the present research study was to test the effects of bilingualism on veridical and false memory recall when individuals were asked to recall dissimilar alphabetic scripts. In order to test this, the hypotheses were devised in accord to the literature covered suggested that bilingualist individuals will incorrectly recall words in Greek or English as they create false memoriesBilingual individuals will falsely recall different languages in different proportions, depending upon whether it is their native or non-native language sour recalls will occur in non-native languages more than native languages and false recognition will occur more in non-native languages than native languages. These hypotheses were tested through the execution of several experiments. The methods that were employed are detailed in the next section of this re port.ReferencesAltarriba, J. (2003). Does carin?o equal likingA theoretical approach to conceptual non-equivalence between languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 7, 305-322. Altarriba, J., & Isurin, L. (Eds.). (2012). Memory, language, and bilingualism Theoretical and applied approaches. 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The Effectiveness of Anti-bullying Policies within the NHS: An Empirical Investigation

Based on the definition of Einarsen and Skogstad (1996), workplace browbeat is defined as follows A person is defined as bullied if he or she is repeatedly subjected to electronegative acts in the workplace. However, to be a victim of much(prenominal) bullyrag one must also notice inferiority in defending oneself in the genuine situation. This definition builds on research on intimidation in the school playground and stresses that bully and harassment imply a difference in the actual or perceive power and strength between the persecutor and the victim.Typically, a victim of harassment or boss around is teased, badgered, and insulted and perceives that he or she has little recourse to retaliation in kindThis definitionis not limited to a predefined set of negative acts. It c everywheres all situations in which one or more persons over a period feel subjected to negative acts that one cannot defend oneself against. Even if a single episode, e. g. somatic assault may be rega rded as bullying or harassment, this definition emphasizes repeated negative acts. Consequently, honest conflicts between parties of equal strength, or isolated episodes of conflict, be not considered as bullying. (p. 187). The NHS re models a very authorised entity in the delivery of healthcargon services. And as bullying re proves an important work place condition change adequate that may affect the choice of services delivered inside the organisation and to patients, it is but logical to conduct a rent on bullying in spite of appearance the NHS. Review of Related Literature OHare (2006) reports that in that location were ab turn up 5 thousand nurses attacked while at work in Northern Ireland in 2005.A fistful of the victims suffered fractures, still others were grabbed by the throat, or subjected to insulting behavior such as being spat at. to a greater extent than 60% of those surveyed underwent verbal harrassment as well, while about 27% were physically abused (OHare, 2006). These figures take on greater importance as we consider the scarcity of healthcare workers who are expected to deliver quality healthcare to NHS patients. Why is it crucial to emphasize civility in the workplace? The cuthroat competition of contemporay organisation read that they develop strong retention factors that will motivate their employees to balk.It has become increasingly difficult to make employees stay within an organisation for long, and one important factor that influences such a decision is the environment of dislike vis-a-vis civility within that workplace. More often than not, employees choose to transfer to other companies instead of pickings in such working conditions (Glendinning, 2001). NHS Definition of intimidation Bullying is defined within the NHS Trust as follows Persistent, offensive, abusive, intimidating, malicious or insulting behaviour, which amounts to an abuse of power and makes the recipient feel upset, threatened, humiliated or vulnerable .Bullying undermines a victims self-confidence and may cause them to suffer stress (NHS Anti-bullying policy, 2002, p. 1). The NHS Trust likewise acknowledges that the occurrence of bullying within the workplace results in undue stress, depression, decrease in self-esteem, undesirable performance, and ineffective dealings with others (NHS Anti-bullying policy, 2002). Definition of Bullying by the NHS Trust The UK is not alone in its struggle to protect its workers from bullying. In a nurture by Glendinning (2001), they studied this phenomenon within an organisational context.Through a comprehensive review of upholdd literature, they have conlcuded that a modernistic relationship between supervisors and subordinates have evolved, and rightly so with the increasing dynamism and competition in the late global village (Glendinning, 2001). Moreover, it prescribes that the human resource function be held most accountable for curbing such occurrence. Difficulties in Deploying Anti-bull ying Policies Glendinning (1999) differentiates between a bullying superior and a hard to please one. The latter only sets out stiff expectations and targets from his subrodinates to be able to optimize their performance.On the contrary, this is not the intention of a bullying stereotype (Glendinning, 1999). He proceeds by consistently showing aggressive behavior that causes either physical or psychological harm to the stave he supervises . Some of the repercussions of bullying behavior in the workplace are turnover, retention, recruiting and succession issues, employee health effects, reduced productivity, counterproductive behavior, and legal counter monetary standards by employees (Glendinning, 1999). Prescriptions for HR Professionals for Creating a Bully-free WorkplaceAccording to Cox (2005), 87% of those in the human resources funtion were keenly informed of bullying occurences within their company. This may be a affect finding considering that despite such awareness, there are still 19 million working long time lost because of this phenomenon. In fact, the figures show that out of five employees, there is one who is likely to feel express from this cause. Stress, in itself, incurs substantial cost at 7 billion annually (Cox, 2005). There has been difficulty of supervise bullying incidents, primarily because some or even several incidents go off unreported.While there are preponderant anti-bullying policies, there is a dire desire for training so that there may be heightened awareness on observing the indicators of bullying. If the bad treatment is rooted on ostracism, the employer may even be held liable for the action. Currently, employees have something more solid to rely on as a result of the Majrowski v Guys & St Thomass NHS Trust case. Mr Majrowski concourseed that his employer was partly accountable for the acts of an employee and asserted that he did experience bullying, harrassment, and intimidation from his superior.He likewise go throu gh complete criticisim and others were favoured over him. As a result, the Court of Appeal rules in his favour and explicitly prescribed that he could depend on the Act and that the NHS was accountable for the actions committed by the employee (Cox, 2005). This decision has accorded employees a refreshful right, including definitions and entitlements relatd to harrassment and anxiety (Cox, 2005). There are several recommendations frame forth for human resource professionals to be able to promote a bully-free workplace.One such proposal is to establish standards of interpersonal behavior within the organization to be able to (Pearson, Anderson, & Portah, 1999). Spelling out these expectations early on clearly lay down what is considered desirable or undesirable behavior within the company. Next is to be able to convey a clear subject matter on the organizations stance on bullying and its cor opposeing policies. The first realm which may exert an influence on this phenomenon is th e recruiting function which may relay these messages to prospective employee early on during the onboarding procedure (Pearson, Anderson, & Portah, 1999).The policies related to bullying must also be clearly reflected onto the employees job description, and there should be emphasis on the repercussions of violating these. Flynn (1999) also recommends that these behaviors be included as criteria for rating during the performance appraisal exercise. condition this backdrop, the current paper proceeds with an empirical investigation of bullying within the NHS Trust. The primary aim to to put forth recommendations on how to increase the efficacy of its anti-bullying policy, resulting in increased retention among its nurses and medical staff.Problem Statement The present research intends to address the following problem How effective is the drafting and deployment of anti-bullying policies within the NHS? Thus, to be able to respond to this question adequately, the following questions have been investigated 1) To what degree does bullying behaviour transpire within NHS hospitals as perceived by nurses / midwives / health care assistants and student nurses? 2) What is the efficacy level of the NHS anti-bullying policy as perceived by the medical staff? 3) Is there a significant relationship between the following variables?a) Degree of bullying behaviour go through and level of efficacy of the NHS Bullying Policy? b) Degree of bullying behaviour experienced and age of the medical staff? b) Degree of bullying behaviour experienced and length of service of medical staff? Method Research Design The present investigation is a descriptive-correlational research that intends to define the present levels of bullying occurring within the NHS. The study is descriptive because it aims to depict the levels of bullying, the degree of awareness and involvement of nursing staff and hospital personnel in the drafting an deployment of bullying policies.In effect, there will be a need to compute for means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages to present the descriptive outcomes. The research is also categorised as correlatinal since it will also establish relationships between a) bullying behaviour and level of efficacy of the NHS Anti-bullying policy, b) degree of bullying behaviour experienced and age of the medical staff and c) degree of bullying behaviour experienced and length of service of medical staff. Samples and Sampling Plan All hospitals within the NHS umbrella are qualified to take part in the investigation.Each of these hospitals shall be invited to take part in the study. They shall be selected through the use of a random meter table. A total of 100 nurses and hospital staff shall be chosen through stratified random sampling, where the number of respondents shall be based on the relative size of the hospital (compared to the other hospitals chosen). A take to form has been distributed to the respondents of the study which explai ned that they are to willingly participate in the study and that they could choose to cease from alive(p) at any time, without reprisal.They were also assured of the confidentiality of their responses and of their anonymity. All these measures have been undertaken for ethical reasons (Bryman, 1992). For the structured interview, 10 out of the 100 nurses / midwives / health care assistants and student nurses who originally took part in the study shall be asked questions that relate to their bullying experiences. This small sample shall be purposively chosen such that half of them have reported the bullying behaviour while the remainder did not.Moreover, selected key managers of the trust shall also be interviewed on how bullying is curbed within their respective areas of jurisdiction through the Trusts anti-bullying policy. The qualitative data that will be self-contained from the interviews shall supplement the quantitative findings from the survey questionnaire (Bryman, 1992). In strument The NHS nursing staff and medical personnel have been asked to get to a self-constructed bullying questionnaire, whose items were based from the NHS Trust anti-bullying policy. The instrument uses a 5-point Likert type scale, which each number representing an opinion.The rooster has three major parts. The first potion requests for demographic information, including gender, age, and advance. The second portion is further subdivided into two parts bullying experiences and the efficacy of the NHS Trust anti-bullying policy. The first sub-item intends to measure the degree of bullying experienced by the respondent and by others who also belong to that workplace. The items on efficacy talk about about individual and managerial responsibilities as regards curbing bullying behaviours in the workplace, conduct of investigations, and bullying awareness and training.Finally, there is an item which requests for an overall evaluation of the policys efficacy. Procedure The instrument shall be finalised and pilot tested. Undertaking a pilot study is necessary for instrument develepment. Chisnall (1997) points out that the value of a pilot study lies in validating the true statement and consistency of sampling frames and planning the final sample size by measuring variability. According to chase et al (1982), pilot testing pertains to testing the questionnaire on a small sample of respondents to identify and travel by potential problems. The pilot test will entail the participation of 5 respondents from any of the NHS hospitals chosen. Invitation letters shall be sent to all hospital administrators of the NHS, soliciting permission for the conduct of the study. Once permission is granted, the respondents shall each be devoted a consent form and shall be requested to return it three days later. On the concord upon date, the researcher shall visit each of the randomly chosen hospitals to administer survey forms to the respondents.The survey questionnaire will be personally administered by the researcher to be able to address inconsistencies in addressing respondent queries (Oppenheim, 1992). On achievement of the nursing staff, medical personnel and administrators of the NHS will be thanked, and shall be briefed on the studys objectives. The outcomes shall be made available to them upon completion of the study. On the whole, the researcher expects that the level of bullying will be match with the perceived efficacy of the policy. Those who are older in terms of age and with longer tenures will tend to have lesser degrees of bullying experienced.Method of Data Analysis Pearsons correlation coefficient shall be used as the main technique for data analysis apart from the descriptive statistics the mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages. Pearson r is a measure of the degree of association between two measures. When the figure is positive, this indicates that as one measure increases, there is a corresponding increase in th e other. Salkind (2000) asserts that the Pearsons correlation coefficient necessitates that both variables are measured on the interval scale.The present study shall make use of the Pearson correlation coefficient to present the relationships among the variables degree of bullying, efficacy of bullying policy, age, and tenure of respondent. References Bryman, A. (1992). Reasearch methods and organisation studies. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Chisnall, P. M. (1997). Marketing research (5th ed. ) Berkshire McGraw-Hill. Cox, E. (2005). Bullying is tricky for employers. The Journal, 32. Einarsen, S. & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work epidemiological findings in public and private organizations.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 185-201. Glendinning, P. (2001). Workplace bullying Curing the crab louse of the American Workplace. Public Personnel Management, 30(3), 269-275. Guynn, J. (1998). Mean business Workplace bullies undermine morale and pr oductivity. Providence sunshine Journal (11/01/98).. Hunt, S. D. , Sparkman, J. R. D. & Wilkox, J. (1982). The pretest in survey research issues and preliminary findings. Journal of Marketing Research. May, 269-273. NHS Anti-bullying policy. (2002). Retreived on November 28, 2006 from http//www. southtees. nhs.uk/foi/HRPantibullying. pdf OHare, P. (2006). 5, 000 nurses attacked. The Mirror, 6. Olweus, D. (1999). Norway. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (eds. ) The nature of school bullying A cross national perspective. London Routledge. Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design interviewing and attitude measurement. London Pinter. Pearson, C. , Anderssen, L. & Portah, C. (1999). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Academy of Management Review. Salkind, N. J. (2000). Statistics for people who hate statistics. USA Sage Publications Inc.

Scarlet Letter- The Human INclination to Love

The Human Inclination to Love In typography The Scarlet Letter, author Nathaniel Hawthorne was immersed in the era of transcendentalism and romanticism that so greatly influenced his work. Defining the suit was the concept that pieces are inherently good in their nature and if they are left to their receive devices ultimately they will do that good uncorrupted (Chase 109). Within The Scarlet Letter, this is brought to full awareness through the nature of puritan cabaret in the early English colony of Boston, Massachusetts.As a civilized, religious, and refined connection this context of use was foiled by the neighboring nd unexplored North American wilderness, in which the full and uncivilized human nature lurked amidst the shadows by societys standards. These mounts assisted the specific character development of some(prenominal) Hester Prynne and noble- head teachered Arthur Dimmesdale through the expression they came to illustrate the human human bodys of the human r esponse to alienation by others, the human try betwixt good and unworthy, and most significantly the inclination for humans to complete.Furthermore, in the unique way both Hester and Dimmesdale share struggles and triumphs of human nature, along with the acceptance of their love for unrivalled a nonher as influenced by the etting around them, is what allows the novel to be viewed as a romance. As it was established, the Puritan colony at Boston was meant to administer as an escape from the corrupted Church of England across seas and was to provide a place for a attach 2 purified organization concerned with adherence to scripture, sermon, and above all doing good for the behalf of God.This gave to the view that the Puritans of Boston did not want their fellowship stained by the abomination that is offense. Upon Hesters emergence from the prison towards the scaffold a community woman violently roclaimed, At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot urge on on Hester Prynees forehead (Hawthorne 60). This stagnant mindset for the community based upon the call for castigation is what brought to affect Hesters symbolism of the crimson A, that which she war forced to wear openly on her breast.The actions and reactions of the defined Puritan firmness of purpose set in motion the change in Hester through the course of events of the novel. Graciously Hester accepted with tempo her initial humiliation upon the scaffold in which the entire community became aware she was an adulteress. She perfectly reacted to this stringent society to address the question of how as humans we respond to the alienation from others around us. Hester responded in her own veritable manner primarily through her repentance to discover the virtue of truth and self-satisfaction her scarlet earn embodied.Hester n perpetually attempted to free herself from her fate. She could have escaped Boston, however, she decided to continue to be a copious member of society with her cottage on the outskirts of town and sewing bu violateess. In addition, she continued to be an alert member of the church to further her penance. Hawthorne writes, It is the credit of human nature, that, except where its selfishness is brought into play, it loves more readily than it hates (173).Hester developed to quiet the society in which she lived as to make the best of the situation she had created for herself, her daughter Pearl, and donationner in sin and lover Reverend Dimmesdale. She welcomed readily a seltless lite sne brought upon herself and lived for others as a symbol for the town. This was reflected in the way Hester transformed herself into a simple woman she bound up her beautiful hair and wore drab clothing. She was a very attractive woman, however, she sacrificed this in the friendship she acquired from her sin of passion and physical attraction.In re morsel society came to bring to an end that Hesters embodiment in the scarlet A had come to signify Heste rs unique strength in its fresh found representation of the word Able (Hawthorne 175). The scarlet A came to change meaning with Hesters maturing in virtue. The setting came to forgive Hester, better her character, and ultimately do well for her. She bared the amount of strength necessary and was thoroughly able to conquer the evils of her sin through her epentance. Hawthorne writes, Shame, Despair, Solitude These had been her teachers (215).Hesters goodness of character developed from her repentance is what allowed her to inspection and repair sustain her lover and partner in sin Dimmesdale in his struggle between good and evil, percentage to kindle their feelings for each other. Reverend Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne both fell into their sin far apart from what was acceptable by standards of Boston. According to Hawthorne, This had been a sin of passion, not of principle, nor even purpose (215). It was a sin of adultery, ltimately caused by the part of human nature that falls into physical attraction and passion.The sin of adultery as committed willingly together by Hester and Dimmesdale can parallel with the surrounding unexplored wilderness around Boston, which symbolizes in affect the evils and temptations humanity can come to fall to in its nature. Although the character of the wilderness surrounding the strict Puritan community at Marks 4 Boston may have lured Dimmesdale and Hester into their sin, the role of this setting changes passim the novel. It becomes a sanctuary compared to Dimmesdales truggle between good and evil in his decision whether to confess his hidden sin or not.The Puritan community in which Dimmesdale ministered served only as a place of his anguish and evil within for him, while the wilderness served to be a safe haven and place of goodness for the interestingness of his sanity. It also served for the ignition of his more horny relationship with Hester. Therefore the integrity of Dimmesdales heart comes to be the growth facto r to his character. As minister of Boston, Dimmesdale held the identity of the community he was the epitome of holiness. All arishioners of the community looked to him to be the carrier of peoples sins and sufferings.However, unlike Hester who had openly the A on her chest allowing open repentance, Dimmesdale had no outlet for his evils enclose in his inner heart while trapped by Puritan society and he was wearily clouded with guilt. He stood on no scaffold because he lacked the courage to confess he had trespassed against the sanctity of his position and his community. This when shed real light upon reveals that the setting itself caused Dimmesdale to betray his own heart and state of mind rather than anything else. Life in society served no assistance to Dimmesdale in his struggle of the human condition that is good against evil.Not any repetition of self- flogging or fasting could bring Dimmesdale closure to his actions. Ironically the setting that provided him with his anguish of sin gave him the moral blossom of humanity that Hawthorne regards (56). This is love. The culmination of Dimmesdales triumph ot evil came in his torest converse witn Hester where their love is tlnally to the full culminated. They are revealed Marks 5 as completely human and represent in a sense a new fling and Eve. Both couples ad sinned together and had been punished for having violate the rules of their setting.Both Dimmesdale and Hester were fraught to bring an end toa close with the society in which they trespassed against, much as like Adam and Eve were reduced to a compromise with God himself after violating his one law in their setting of the Garden of Eden. However, regardless of what was to be of their fate, both pairs always were to be perpetually bonded. The sanctity of Hester and Dimmesdales relationship was fully revealed in the way the sin they committed together created a similarity in compassion for one another and a need to help one nother.After seven years of no contact between Dimmesdale and his love, the confirmation that Hester gives Dimmesdale that she still loves him is the help that allows Dimmesdale to finally confess his sin. Therefore, it is truly the nature of man to require human love that allows Dimmesdale to finally triumph the evil he suffers and confess at the final scaffold scene. The knowledge that he was loved in midst of all the suffering he had experienced allowed for an end to a close to the situation created by sin and all the evils that surrounded him and Hester. Hester Prynne andArthur Dimmesdale represented the human condition to turn to temptation in this case it was against the Puritan community, making it necessary for the strife each Hester and Dimmesdale had for their redemption, bringing them ever so close together in their love. A romance is specifically defined as an emotional attraction or aura belonging to an especially heroic era, adventure, or activity (Romance). Hesters and Dimmesdales love for on e another came to an apex through the struggle they faced together in their setting in Puritan society and the trials of the human condition it brought Marks 6 forth.